The aims of public education often include preparing students to be actively engaged in the civic and political realms of society. However, research findings have consistently provided evidence of a gender gap in political knowledge, with men demonstrating significantly higher levels of political knowledge than women. Recently, scholars have begun questioning the validity of such findings due to the nature of the measures used to assess political knowledge. This study applies item response theory, specifically IRTree modeling, to evaluate the extent to which a reported gender gap in high school students’ political knowledge can be attributed to survey response styles. …

Food data are important for policymakers and researchers to understand food acquisition and expenditure, nutrition, food environments, food assistance, and so on. However, the collection of food data by asking people to recall their food acquisition is challenging for respondents sampled from a general population due to faulty memory, the burden associated with responding in a timely manner, and lack of knowledge. To improve recall and reduce reporting error, survey organizations may provide a diary for respondents to record foods obtained during the study period as they get them. This paper reviews three types of food diaries used in existing …